Wednesday, October 14, 2009

The Tradition of Giving Flowers

The Tradition of Giving Flowers
By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Victor_Epand]Victor Epand

Flowers as a form of gift has a long interesting history. We have all given flowers to a friend, family member or lover, but how many of us have stopped to ask, why do we give flowers?

We give flowers for many different reasons; love, remembrance, apologies, in support and simply for no reason at all. The tradition has spread around the world, with nearly ever country having a tradition of giving flowers.

Like many traditions, its beginnings are very different from its current state.

Not surprisingly, the tradition dates back to prehistoric times when flowers often had medicinal and herbal attributes for our ancestors. Giving flowers was a charitable thing to do, something that persists to this day. There have been remnants of flower petals in several grave sites found by archaeologists.

Moving forward several thousand years, there are records of flower giving dating back to Egyptian hieroglyphics and Chinese writings, as well as in Greek and Roman mythology.

In more recent times, the practice of giving a flower flourished in the Middle Ages. At that time the strict guidelines of the church prevented couples from showing open affection in public. Giving flowers allowed them to show their emotions without the worry that someone would see and report them. Couples could also encode messages with the flower arrangement and send each other messages that way.

In the 1700s, Charles II of Sweden brought the message of the flower tradition to a new height with the Language of Flowers, which was a Persian custom. The Language of Flowers was used extensively in Turkey for the sending of messages. The practice became so refined that military messages were sent as a bouquet of flowers, with the enemy believing the flowers to simply be flowers and not a message.

During the Victorian era, many books were written on what different flowers said, along with how to arrange them to form a message between you and the recipient.

In the theater world, flowers became part of the tradition and superstition of the play in the Middle Ages. From those early years, the belief started that having flowers on stage was unlucky, unless they were handed to a leading lady at the end of the performance, at which point it is considered good luck.

Our current era of flowers has changed little from previous times. We may not send literal messages in flowers, but a rose on Valentines Day says more than words ever could.

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The Tradition of Birthday Candles

The Tradition of Birthday Candles
By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Mike_Selvon]Mike Selvon

You have probably grown up with using birthday candles to celebrate your birthday. Each lit candle signifies another year that you have aged. But is it just a symbol of a passing year or does it have a deeper meaning?

Candle lighting has long been associated with different events in a person's life. Christmas candles are lit to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, and celebratory candles are used on graduation day. These are just a few of the events that we mark with candles.

The Ancient Greeks were no strangers to lighting candles. They regularly burnt candles as offerings to their gods and goddesses. The traditional birthday cake and birthday candles probably did not resemble what is used now, but had a more significant meaning attached.

It was a way to honor the Greek goddess Artemis, who was the Moon goddess. The round cake was to symbolize the moon and the candles as the moonlight that was shed. There were also other meanings attached to the candles.

The birthday candle on top of the cake was said to be lit as an offering and it was also thought to ward off evil spirits. Some cultures believed that candle lighting times were joyous occasions to offer homage to the gods and goddesses of their belief system.

But at this time, should you have been alive, it was not customary to expect gifts. If you did receive a gift on your birth day, then you were very lucky indeed.

In today's world, scented candles, beeswax candles and even Christmas candles are lit for different reasons than to pay homage or bring good luck from the gods. With so many manufacturers producing candles, it has lost some of its traditional aspect.

But you always have that one time of year when you can count on candles being lit in your honor. Your birthday is a time of celebration for you and your family. The custom has been passed down throughout the years, as you will do the same for your children.

Perhaps it is the tradition of birthday candles that brings so much sentimentality. Sure, as you grow older and the number of candles increases it can be a bit difficult blowing them all out.

But remember that each candle on your cake is a testament to another year of life with which you have been blessed. As you see your children blowing out their own candles, you will be whisked back to a time when you were a child and every wish counted, as you blew with all your might.

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The Fascinating Tradition of Symbolic Housewarming Presents

The Fascinating Tradition of Symbolic Housewarming Presents
By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Kathleen_Karlsen]Kathleen Karlsen

Buying a new house--especially a first home--is one of the thrills of a lifetime. The importance of this event has been recognized in cultures around the world for centuries. Many traditions have evolved to help ensure that the home is a place of comfort, retreat and harmony for the new occupants. Housewarming parties and housewarming gifts are two of the most prominent ways to honor this event.

Traditional housewarming gifts held symbolic meaning for the recipient. Gifts of salt and bread were to make certain that the inhabitants were never hungry. Brooms symbolized sweeping away bad luck. Candles meant "may you always have light." Coins could be given to bring good fortune. Gifts of honey represented the sweetness of life. Gifts of plants and seeds are related to life and health. Gifts of rice were for fertility. Gifts of olive oil indicated and wish for the recipient's health and harmonious marital relationships. Gifts of wine meant that your home would bring you happiness and joy. Gifts of wood symbolized stability, harmony and peace.

In more recent times, small gifts of any type for the home have become the norm: kitchenware, fine art, decorative items, and houseplants. Housewarming gifts might also include paintings or prints featuring flowers, herbs or gardens for the kitchen. Images of the ocean, a harbor or a beach work well in bathrooms. For hallways, entryways and other areas of the home, prints of landscapes are perennial favorites. Frame the painting or print to match the decor of the new house. Very small framed prints are also perfect for bookshelves, fireplace mantles, pianos or coffee tables.

Kathleen Karlsen, MA is a professional artist, a freelance writer and marketing consultant residing in Bozeman, Montana. Karlsen offers classes and workshops on symbolism, sacred art, healing art and the psychology of design. To learn more about color symbolism, visit http://www.livingartsoriginals.com/infocolorsymbolism.htm For information about the meaning of flowers, please visit http://www.livingartsoriginals.com/infoflowermeaning.htm

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Wedding, The Tradition

Wedding, The Tradition
By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Rob_Colbourn]Rob Colbourn

Wedding is a tradition which celebrates the union of two individuals. It is generally celebrated with much pomp and splendor. However the customs engaged vary from religion to religion. Wedding naturally means loads and loads of shopping in both the would-be bride and grooms family. Usually a month before the wedding is to take place the bride's family sends invitation cards to the guests. You have various types of invitation cards to choose from. With the growth of technology, you may provide the details over the internet and choose from the array of cards and have them printed. It may also be written in hand which adds to the emotions and importance of the card.

It is not necessary that those invited will have to be present in the celebration. Those unable to come should however send a message of congratulation. Each of the guests usually bring along gifts, which the deliver at the bride's home before the wedding takes place. For the wedding a color scheme is generally thought of. Everything raging from the bridesmaid's dress, flowers, decorations, invitations is arranged as per the color chosen. The bride naturally gets dressed like a princess, it being the most important day of her life. The wedding dress is generally in white or off-white though other colors may also be opted for. Black is the color which is avoided at wedding since it symbolizes grief.

The wedding ceremonies may take place at the church, an outdoor venue or even a courthouse. The ceremony includes exchange of rings followed by some religious practices which involves the bride and groom-to-be. The ceremonies are flowed by the wedding reception where both the families get introduced to each other and the union is celebrated. The guests stand up in lines and the first person in each line introduce themselves to each other. This continues till every guest gets introduced. While this process goes on the guests are served with drinks and snacks.

The best man and bride of honor raise toast to the groom and bride respectively by sharing stories and their personal thoughts. At times other guests too raise toast and share their thoughts. A beautiful; wedding cake is arranged which is generally cut by the bride and the groom together. They feed each other the very first piece of the cake. Arrangements for dance are also made at the wedding reception. The bride and the groom first dance together which may be followed by dancing with a parent and then other members at the party. Thereafter each guest may join the dance floor.

While departing the bride throws her bouquet towards some unmarried women. It is believed that the one who gets lucky enough to catch it will be the next to get married. At times rice or birdseed is thrown at the newlyweds by the guests, it symbolizes fertility. This however may cause quite a mess at the venue hence the birdseed has got replaced by clouds of bubbles at many places.

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Christmas Tradition - Children's Christmas Pajamas

Christmas Tradition - Children's Christmas Pajamas
By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Norma_Marshall]Norma Marshall

Each family develops its own unique holiday traditions. Christmas is the one season with some traditions passed on from generation to generation while others are born out of a desire to do something new and meaningful to their family unit. Family traditions make happy Christmas memories for young and old. For many people, the food associated with the event is just as important a memory as the event itself for instance pizza to snack on while trimming the tree.

Whatever you choose, consider making it a tradition each year to enjoy the same snack or meal while making your home festive for the holiday. One of the traditions at our house that has extended to the third generation is our Christmas morning menu always revolves around oyster soup and Christmas bread...before gifts are opened.

New Christmas pajamas is another tradition that evokes good memories and adorable pictures. If gifts are opened Christmas morning, let the children open one gift Christmas Eve - the new Christmas pajamas. Consider having a slumber party while waiting for Santa! Dress everyone in a new pair of Christmas pajamas and play games, sing Christmas carols, or watch Christmas movies during your Christmas Eve festivities.

Another tradition the children (in their holiday pajamas) will enjoy, is making and decorating homemade cookies to leave out for Santa and his reindeer. Package the extras in pretty containers to deliver to friends and family on Christmas day. Children love to "camp out" so consider sleeping in sleeping bags in front of the Christmas tree one night. Munch on snacks, leave the lights on all night, and make a special memory!

There are fabulous fabrics - fleece, velore, flannel and other fabrics available that make wonderful children's Christmas pajamas. You might want to start a new Christmas tradition and take advantage of some spare time during the summer. It's a proud moment when you can check something off your holiday 'to-do list' long before the stress and pressure of the holidays hit and you can look forward to the pictures of the children in their new Christmas pajamas that you made for them.

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Wednesday, October 7, 2009

Macedonian culture

Macedonian culture is the culture of the ethnic Macedonian population of the Balkan region, known in the 20th century as Vardar Macedonia or the current Republic of Macedonia. Old Church Slavonic, developed in the 9th century AD by the Byzantine Greek missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius from the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica (modern-day Thessaloniki, Greece), led to the creation of the modern writing systems for the Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian languages, all based on the modern Cyrillic alphabet.


Architecture
The historical sites for archaeology of extraordinary quality include those at Stobi in Gradsko, Heraclea Lyncestis in Bitola, Lychnidos, the Church of St. Sophia in Ohrid, and Scupi in Skopje. Terracotta icons were discovered at Viničko Kale (near Vinica). The Basilica Mosaic in Heraklea Lynkestis is an early Byzantine mosaic. There are many remains from Roman times and the early Christian period in Vardar Macedonia, which was at the time part of the Bulgarian Empire.

Famous architects and fresco-painters worked on numerous churches in the Republic of Macedonia, and in Ohrid alone there are over thirty churches. UNESCO has declared that the city of Ohrid and its lake must be protected, as they are important to the history of the world. Several churches, the most renowned among which is St. Pantelejmon, bear witness to the times of the educator St. Clement and in 1990 work on the Cathedral of Saint Clement of Ohrid in Skopje was completed. Along with other cultural monuments the 11th and 12th century churches of Western medieval thema Bulgaria are famous throughout the world, characterized by unique architecture and priceless frescoes and icons.

Monuments of Islamic culture such as mosques, bazaars and baths from the Ottoman Age have been discovered. In the 14th century, Skopje was described as being an important trading center with its Old Bazaar, Covered Marketplace (Bezisten), the Kursumli An Caravanserai, Daut Pasha Baths and the Mustapha Pasha Mosque. Another important monument of Islamic culture in Vardar Macedonia is the Painted Mosque in Tetovo. A large number of monuments were erected after the liberation of the city. One of the most interesting monuments erected following the region's liberation is the memorial devoted to the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in Kruševo. Other memorials renowned for their beauty and expressiveness can be found in Prilep, Kumanovo, Veles and Štip.


Art
The founders of modern Macedonian painting included Lazar Licenovski, Nikola Martinoski, Dimitar Pandilov, and Vangel Kodzoman. They were succeeded by an exceptionally talented and fruitful generation, consisting of Borka Lazeski, Dimitar Kondovski, Petar Mazev who are now deceased, and Rodoljub Anastasov and many others who are still active. Vasko Taskovski's work was presented to the Paris public in 1992 with an imposing exhibition and auction of about 100 works. Vangel Naumovski, who was long classified by art historians as a Naive artist, is well known for his Ohridska Porta Gallery, as well as for the original world of his paintings.

Contemporary Macedonian artists include Aleksandar Stankovski, Zhaneta Vangeli, Maja Dzhartovska, and Gordana Apostolovska who all use various styles.

In addition to Dimo Todorovski, who is considered to be the founder of modern Macedonian sculpture, the works of Petar Hadzi Boskov, Boro Mitrikeski, Novak Dimitrovski and Tome Serafimovski are also outstanding. The Museum of Contemporary Art and the Art Gallery in the Daut Pasha Baths are considered the best galleries. In 1993 there were 413 exhibitions visited by over 240,000 people, 12 artists' colonies with 120 participants, of whom 40 were foreign painters and sculptors.


Cinema
Main article: Cinema of Macedonia

The history of film making in the Republic of Macedonia dates back over 110 years. The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day the country was made in 1895 by Janaki and Milton Manaki in Bitola. From then, continuing the present, Macedonian film makers, in Macedonia and from around the world, have been producing many films.

Throughout the past century, the medium of film has depicted the history, culture and everyday life of the Macedonian people.Over the years many Macedonian films have been presented at film festivals around the world and several of these films have won prestigious awards. The most famous Macedonian director is Milčo Mančevski, whose debut feature film Before the Rain was nominated for an Academy Award. The highest grossing feature film in the Republic of Macedonia was Bal-Can-Can, having been seen by over 500,000 people in its first year alone.


Music
Main article: Music of Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia has an exceptionally rich musical heritage. The studies of Sotir Golabovski and Octoechos concerning the tradition of Slavic Macedonian spiritual and church choir hymns are a significant contribution to Macedonian and Balkan cultural history. The Composer's Association of Macedonia currently has 60 members. After the 1st generation of modern Macedonian classical music, consisting of Trajko Prokopiev, Todor Skalovski, Stefan Gajdov and Zivko Firfov, came the work of second generation composers like Kiril Makedonski, Gligor Smokvarski, Vlastimir Nikolovski, Toma Prosev, Tomislav Zografski, Mihailo Nikolovski, Ljubomir Brangolica and Risto Avramovski.

The Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra, established in 1944 in the People's Republic of Macedonia, is the oldest cultural institution in the field of music. There are six chamber ensembles, such as Tanec, that represent the richness of Macedonian folklore and songs, and there are ten other folklore ensembles that are active. There are three professional and twenty amateur choirs. Each year about 50,000 people attend concerts of the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra and the various folk dance ensembles and other cultural and artistic associations. In addition to the concerts held as part of the Ohrid Summer Festival, an annual festival of classical music named Interfest was established in Bitola a few years ago. The Skopje Jazz Festival has become a highly prestigious music event. Many of the most renowned jazz groups and names in the world of jazz have taken part in the festival, and in concept and atmosphere, participants and critics consider it one of the most successful jazz festivals around the world.

Folk music is one of the most cherished areas of Macedonian culture, and several folk festivals take place each year. The oldest is Folkfest, held in Valandovo, and most festivals have greater turnouts among Macedonian expatriates in Australia and Canada. The Festival of Old Town Songs in Ohrid and the Ilinden Days of Folk Song in Bitola are events that celebrate traditional Macedonian songs. Mak-Fest in Stip and the Skopje Festival are the two best-known festivals of popular music in the Republic of Macedonia.

The rock group Leb i Sol, with its original music infusing traditional folk themes and rhythms with modern influence, has been active for over twenty years and has become widely known both inside and outside Macedonia.


Theater
There are 13 professional theaters in the Republic of Macedonia. From 1993-1994 1,596 performances were held in the newly formed republic, and more than 330,000 people attended. The Macedonian National Theatre (Drama, Opera and Ballet companies), the Drama Theatre, the Theatre of the Nationalities (Albanian and Turkish Drama companies) and the other theatre companies comprise about 870 professional actors, singers, ballet dancers, directors, playwrights, set and costume designers, etc. There is also a professional theatre for children and three amateur theatres. For the last thirty years a traditional festival of Macedonian Slav professional theatres has been taking place in Prilep in honor of Vojdan Cernodrinski, the founder of the modern Macedonian theatre. Each year a festival of amateur and experimental Macedonian theatre companies is held in Kocani.

The word Karagöz is a Turkish word literally meaning a black eye, but it is a specific type of theatre in the Republic of Macedonia as in many other Balkan countries. This picturesque, original and exceptionally popular theatre reached the Balkans from the Far East. Shifting slowly but surely from the Far East towards the Middle East, this type of theater went through a transformation as it was passed along from person to person through many cultures. The Karagoz Theater came to the Balkans together with the Ottoman Empire. In the history of the Macedonian culture the name of this theater was mentioned starting from the 11th, or at least the 14th century. A Turkish legend speaks about the origin of the construction of a large mosque in Bursa and its constructors among whom were two friends and storytellers known as Karagöz and Hadzivat. Instead of working, they sat and told comical stories to the workers. Their performances were so attractive to their audience that the construction of the mosque completely stopped - the construction site instead became a theater. When the Sultan heard what had happened he became furious and ordered the execution of the two friends. Karagoz and Hadzivat were unable to escape their fate but the citizens of Bursa were overcome by grief at the loss of the two heroes. The Sultan realized his folly and tried to correct it by ordering the revival of the two men. Unable to actually give them life, the sultan kept them alive in the form of small, transparent puppets made of thin and colored skin. If they were to be placed in front of a white curtain with a burning candle behind it, they would dance as if they were alive and the sultan had redeemed himself.

Although this theatre includes a number of characters-puppets, its eminent theatricality emerges from the complex relation between its central masks of Karagoz and Hadzivat. Karagoz personifies an ordinary Greek in the Ottoman Empire. He is dressed simply as any other passers-by on the streets of Constantinople. He speaks plainly and in a language common to the people. He is clever and stupid at the same time, naive and witty. Although he is as poor as a dog, he desires only to eat his bread in without distraction or interference. Equally important is his teasing his constantly angry enemy, whose name is Hadzivat and who is a little bit slow, but not necessarily stupid. Hadzivat speaks conceitedly using archaic words, pretending to be wise and in actuality being a boringly pedant, rigid, corruptible, opportunist who constantly emphasizes his aristocratic origin. Karagoz Theater is Turkish folk humor at its best. The famous Turkish traveler and diplomat, Evlija Celebija, traveled in the Balkans in the first half of the 17th century and wrote about his travels in ten books in which he discusses performances of Karagoz in Bosnia, Serbia, and in the republic's capital Skopje. Karagoz Theater was brought to the region by the Ottoman Turks and easily adapted to the new environment, existing for centuries up to the 1950s.


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